Betty Neumans systems model approach to nursing theory Article

Betty Neumans frameworks model way to deal with nursing hypothesis - Article Example I concur with the evaluation of Betty Neuman that the field of human services is a troublesome one to use a particular hypothesis in assisting with characterizing it in totality.Due to the way that nursing is an unendingly mind boggling and nuanced discipline, it is inclined to change and be reclassified in any of different key zones. Be that as it may, on the off chance that one had to pick a lone hypothesis as a clarification of the manner by which nursing ought to work and is right now displayed inside its application, it would essentially be that of Betty Neuman's Systems Model. Because of the way that her methodology contends that the specialist try to move toward the individual patient on a fundamental level, it is one of only a handful hardly any hypothetical methodologies that requires the professional to disperse the same number of assumptions as is conceivable. Because of the way that social insurance specialists are in many cases gotten up to speed in the individual stress ors that a patient may display, such factors are in many cases not headed.  I further concur with the examination that Neuman’s Systems Model methodology calls attention to that people inside the nursing calling in many cases treat the manifestations of an auxiliary issue as opposed to trying to draw a degree of derivation upon what exceptional stressors could have caused the optional and tertiary issues that the patient may be encountering. It is Neuman’s understanding that once these key stressors are segregated and managed as needs be, the general strength of the patient will essentially improve. By looking to restrict and treat these key stressors, both physiological just as others, the nursing proficient can increase a lot of deduction on what extreme causes which influence the wellbeing and viewpoint of the patient might be (Beckman 2012). In like manner, a case of such a way of activity could fundamentally be the way that a patient is showing side effects tha t are characteristic of a key stressor that clinical medicinal services callings have not yet confined or considered with respect to the treatment plan. This specific hypothesis permits the nursing proficient to move toward every single patient with a wide based understanding that all the time the case will be that the key basic reasons for torment, distress, or requirement for treatment won't be explicitly show to the medicinal services proficient from the outset and will require a level of individual getting, association, and gratefulness for the one of a kind subset of necessities that the given patient may require (Hayden 2012). Further, I concur with the respondent that in Neuman’s hypothesis it is the obligation of all specialists to not depend too vigorously upon any one given hypothesis as a methods for clarifying all patient collaboration (Clark 2012). Because of the way that hypothesis being referred to approaches the issue of nursing and medicinal services organiza tion from such an open viewpoint, it is maybe better than most in assisting with familiarizing the social insurance proficient with the unending complexities that without a doubt exist with regards to offering types of assistance to influenced patients (Mercks et al 2012). Along these lines, in spite of the fact that Neuman’s hypothesis goes far in helping the expert to move toward every single circumstance with a receptive outlook and to think outside about the container, the truth is that significantly after such a methodology has been affected, the hypothesis necessitates that the professional accept that a concealed degree of importance in this manner exists inside the treatment and fundamental causes that harrow the patient being referred to. Such a suspicion could possibly be valid; notwithstanding, to expect that in each circumstance there exists something that doesn't meet the eye is both silly and hypothetical (Cobb 2012). In that capacity, such a degree of

Sop Biomedical Engineering Free Essays

The marvels that science and innovation have unfurled before us are not constrained to reality . My point in life is to gather this different information from everywhere throughout the world. With this esteemed objective in my psyche, I wish to state in the accompanying sections, my perspectives and the discerning behind my application to the alumni considers program in Bio-Medical Instrumentation at **** college. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sop Biomedical Engineering or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now All through my ten years of school life and two years of secondary school study, I have kept up a reliable and great scholarly record and was consistently among the main five of my group. Coming to extra-curricular exercises, I was the head sports skipper for young ladies and furthermore partook in the state level U. N. Festivities. Yearning for the best college class that all great science understudies do and furthermore impacted bythe reality that I originate from a group of specialists and researchers I showed up for the EAMCET ( Engineering and Medical Common Entrance Test)and decided on Instrumentation and Control Engineering at ***** College, subsidiary to JNTU , Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. During my undergrad years I could gain proficiency with the essentials in Transducers and Instrumentation Components, Electrical and Electronic estimations, Electronic Equipment structure, Analytical Instrumentation, Process Control Instrumentation, Power plant Instrumentation , Digital and ideal Control Systems. I saw on different events , particularly in transducers and instrumentation segments which is a huge subject, that there existed a wide enough break among learning and reasonable usage. While the college classes empower an understudy to get a handle on the basics engaged with a specific order of designing, they don't present the chance to become familiar with the ropes with new innovations that are present inside the business. Specialization turns into a need to see new innovations and to enhance the current ones. It is to accomplish this advancement that I set out to seek after my post-graduate (M. S. ) concentrates in Bio-Medical Instrumentation. During my third year occasions I have done an undertaking on Computerized respiration analysisâ through inserted frameworks, a piece of Bio-Medical instrumentation, one of the electives in the last year. This short spell has given me important functional experience. It has given me the certainty to seek after a master’s qualification and furthermore encouraged a craving to do explore. The college class in Instrumentation and Control Engineering and with the counsel of generally regarded educators at the school has given me the inspiration to seek after a profession in Bio-clinical Instrumentation . The sharing of thoughts and new discoveries has consistently been a piece of my undergrad life. Introductions and workshops were an ideal open door for me to investigate past the schedule and were instrumental in giving me a serious edge over my friends. I relish an opportunity to enjoy my inventive side and increasing a more profound comprehension of my work in procedure of introductions. I appreciate jumping into a surge of information, selecting applicable data and conveying everything to a thankful crowd! In second year of my under-graduation I got an opportunity to introduce a paper at national-level on the topic Robotics. The dynamic idea of logical research was uncovered to me as I chipped away at my introduction. Frequently new speculations were supplanted by old ones so quick that I was refreshing my stir straight up till the morning I needed to introduce. By this experience I could discover that before starting the main apply autonomy venture, planned automated specialist and mechanical games aficionados must have an essential comprehension of the field of apply autonomy and the issues encompassing automated frameworks, including mechanical structure, tangible frameworks, electronic control and programming. A fundamental comprehension of small scale controller frameworks including sequential and memory-mapped interfacing, just as some accessible open source programming alternatives ought to likewise be high on the rundown. Mission for information needs impressive steadiness and a ravenous want to learn. Whatever I have accomplished till now can be ascribed to my tirelessness and determination, which I have gained from my affectionate family and culture. With the equivalent relentless soul, I am prepared to use and direct the entirety of my physical and mental capacities to accomplish the equivalent in my future examinations and research work. I accept the field of instrumentation offered so gigantic a potential that allowed me a chance to settle on Bio-Medical Instrumentation, I would be intrigued to work in the zone of bio-clinical instrumentation which manages its turn of events. I bring along a solid handle of basics, an inclination for educating and collaboration, a get-up-and-go for difficulties and an excited want to gain proficiency with everything I can. Furthermore I might want to take with me a system of solid and enduring connections that I keep up with my educators and individual understudies. I trust that my capabilities and foundation are discovered appropriate for MS in Bio-Medical Instrumentation at ******* college. Having been illuminated by numerous teachers and a few graduating seniors about the thorough course work other than having best in class look into offices, I had no quandary in picking **** college as my fantasy college for seeking after my alumni contemplates. I am certain that *** college with dynamic personnel, well prepared research centers and widely acclaimed graduate projects would help me in accomplishing my objectives and contribute something of my own in my field of intrigue. I accept that with my ability for hardwork, praiseworthy rationale and commitment to accomplish my objectives, I will have the option to do very well in my Graduate course. I assert that I accept it as a test and pull out all the stops of mine in using the assets accessible at your college. I am certain that you will share my certainty and offer me a chance to proceed with my further examinations at your regarded college. The most effective method to refer to Sop Biomedical Engineering, Papers

What to Know About Video Game Addiction

What to Know About Video Game Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Print The Signs and Effects of Video Game Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on January 19, 2020 Igor Emmerich / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Internet Caffeine Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Video game addiction is compulsive or uncontrolled use of video games, in a way that causes problems in other areas of the persons life. Often considered a form of computer addiction or internet addiction, video game addiction has been an increasing concern for parents as video games have become more commonplace and are often targeted at children. Video games include computer games, console games, arcade machine games, and even cell phone, and advanced calculator games. Games can be embedded in social networking site, such as Facebook. Since the 1950s, gaming has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry. Some people are concerned about the long-term effects of video game playing, particularly in children. Concerns center on the following questions: “Are video games harmful?”“Do violent video games cause aggression?”“Are video games addictive?” While research is inconclusive, there does appear to be evidence that video games can be harmful, can increase aggression, and can be addictive.?? However, these effects are highly individual and may involve many more factors than simply the amount of time spent playing games. Signs of Video Game Addiction Research studies show that 1 to 16 percent of video gamers meet the criteria for addiction.?? However, the official definition of video game addiction varies across different organizations. Considering this, it is easy to be confused about whether your or someone else’s gaming falls in the average or heavy ranges. As with all addictions, it is important when considering the possibility of a video game addiction to not simply consider the amount of time spent gaming, but also the function it is serving the individual. Video game playing, as one of a range of recreational activities, may not be harmful or indicate an addiction. On the other hand, when game playing is addictive, it takes over as the person’s main way of coping with life, with other important areas of life being neglected or disrupted as a result. Video game addiction or video game overuse is seen most commonly in players of the persistent multiplayer gaming universe, or Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Gameâ€"MMORPG games for short. MMORPGs make up 25 percent of gaming revenue worldwide.?? These games hold many attractions for gamersâ€"they are interactive, social, competitive, and happen in real-time. Research indicates that MMORPGs are more addictive in nature. As a result, they tend to have greater negative impacts on physical health, sleep habits and academic performance.?? The Controversy of Video Game Addiction Like other behavioral addictions, video game addiction is a controversial idea. While video gaming research is showing some disturbing effects, particularly in younger players, there is a lack of long-term research and insufficient evidence to definitively conclude that video game overuse is indeed an addiction. In addition, cautionary messages from groups, such as the American Medical Association, which believes that video games are potentially harmful, have to compete with the aggressive marketing of the video games industry, whose own research, unsurprisingly, shows no ill effects. Internet Gaming Disorder is currently included as a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the gold standard reference for mental health conditions.?? Therefore, although it is not yet recognized fully as a disorder but proposed criteria are published. How Is Video Game Addiction Like Other Addictions? Video game addictions are similar to other addictions in terms of the amount of time spent playing, the strong emotional attachment to the activity, and the patterns of social difficulties experienced by gaming addicts. As with other addictions, gaming addicts become preoccupied with game-playing, and it disrupts family and other areas of life, such as school. The younger that children begin playing video games, the more likely they are to develop dependence-like behaviors. As with other addictive behaviors, there is a range of different responses to the activity. While some gamers feel unable to reduce the time they spend playing, others do not experience cravings if they are unable to play. Harmful Effects of Video Games As well as addiction, the following harmful effects have been found to be related to video game use: Increased risk of light-induced seizures, musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities and increased metabolic rate.Increased aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors, particularly in children under age 10.Reduced pro-social (cooperative) behaviors in social interactions. Research with people who are addicted to video games shows that they have, poorer mental health and cognitive functioning including poorer impulse control and ADHD symptoms, compared to people who do not have video game addiction.?? People who are addicted to video games also have increased emotional difficulties, including increased depression and anxiety, report feeling more socially isolated, and are more likely to have problems with internet pornography use.

Geography The Country of Russia Essay examples - 2979 Words

Geography The Country of Russia is within the Asian continent and its capitol of Moscow located at Latitude 55*45’07† N Longitude 37*36’56†E and is 495 ft (151m) above sea level. Russia, also known as the Russian Federation, has a land mass measured at 6,592,850 square miles and is almost twice as big as the next largest, Canada, and 70 times larger than the UK – and its size has always been the basis of its colossal potential strength. This country is the world’s largest country based on area and covers eleven different time zones. It borders six different countries which are; Sea of Okhotsk, Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Mongolia, China and Estonia. Due to the enormous size of this country the government has divided its areas into eighty†¦show more content†¦The soil is called black earth because of its dark color and is one of the worlds most productive. No trees grow here unless planted, and only brush and grass occur naturally. This region is the heart of Russia’s agricultural industry. The development of international trade and naval warfare led Russia to the realization in the seventeenth century that it was significantly disadvantaged since its mainland is served by only one ice-free port. Russia contains all of the world’s vegetation zones except a tropical rain forest and its size means that it has a continental climate. The coldest weather is experienced in the north and east, (annual average temperature is -5.5 ºC) yet summer weather patterns mean that Verkhoyansk in Siberia has the earth’s widest temperature range down to a record low of -68 ºC and a record high of 37 ºC. History The country of Russia obviously didn’t start out as it is known today. The first or who could be considered the founder was a man called Rurik, a semi legendary Scandinavian warrior who established â€Å"Russ or Rhos† at Novgorod around 862AD. From there the country goes thru many different significant stages. Here are a few examples; in 1169 Prince Andrei Bogolubski moves capital to Vladimir, near modern day Moscow; 1271 Moscow becomes capital of Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Vladimir; 1462 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) begins annexing the surrounding areas andShow MoreRelatedEvidence Geography Can Influence Russian Power Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, the largest nation in the world according to geographic terms is a country located in northern Asia, bordered by fourteen other countries (Kurian, 1), is one of the most powerful countries in the world. Besides military power, how did it get that way? The answer is simply, geography. Many people overlook the fact that geogr aphy has greatly influenced Russia’s power. Geography’s influence of Russian power starts in 1547 with Ivan IV, otherwise known as Ivan the Terrible, under his ruleRead MoreThe Importance of the Russian Steppes896 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Russia is a land of extreme geography, and has the world’s deepest lake and Europe’s highest mountain and longest river† (Curtis 125). Because Russian geography was so diverse and unlike that of any other country, Russia developed a culture that was unique and different from others. Throughout history, mountains such as the Ural Mountains, rivers such as the Dnieper River, and plains such as the Russian steppes have served an important role in the development of Russian culture and beliefs. MountainsRead MoreCultural Characteristics Of A Nation s Culture Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesRussia has many cultural characteristics that have shaped the country we know today. A nation s culture can define its actions and make them more predictable as a state on the international level. Understanding a nation’s culture gives great insight into the motives and reasoning behind their aggression or acts of force. Factors such as geography, weather, political landscape, military, and key infrastructure provide a clear understanding of Russian culture and how it has shaped the nation overRead MoreThe Effects Of Russian Culture On Military Operations1668 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative consequences of ignoring or misunderstanding the cultures of other countries. The most recent example is our long sustained operations in the Middle East. We have operated in the Middle East for the better part of two and a half decades. Through our own successes and failures, it is obvious how important cultural awareness can be. The mistakes we have made have created more animosity towards our military and our country in general. Over the last decade, our government has worked continuouslyRead MoreThe Collapse Of North Korean State Essay1285 Words   |  6 P agesinfluence and impact of relevant geopolitical factors/conditions. As one of the most antagonizing countries, North Korea seems to find the wrath of the United Nations more frequently than any other sovereign nation. The country’s human rights abuses and violations of international law have led the international community to impose heavy trade sanctions with North Korea (cite). While the country attempts to be largely self-sufficient, malnutrition is a growing problem for the people of North KoreaRead MoreRussia And Their Lines Of Communication Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesalso be covering the geography of Russia and their lines of communication. Russia has multiple conflicts that the country has been a part of, but I will be discussing the Russian Civil War the three year war. Furthermore, I will be discussing is how weather affects Russia’s population, agriculture, and insurgency. Finally, I will be covering is Russia’s society, language, power and authority, etc. Russia’s geography is mixed between mountains, plains, and urban terrain. Russia is over six millionRead MoreRussia, The World s Largest Country1418 Words   |  6 PagesRussia, the world’s largest country, is a country that is defined by it’s intriguing culture, politics, and physical geography. Let’s begin with the extensive amount of geography that is Russia in comparison to the rest of the world. Russia has the world’s longest continuous coastline, which means that there is more of the country of Russia that touches water than any other country in the world. The climate of Russia, however, is not the most ideal conditions as a large portion of the country isRead MoreWar and Peace Among Peoples and Nations1716 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of History and Geography MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Baltimore, Maryland 21251-0001. War and Peace Among Peoples and Nations: A Historical Examination of the development of World War II, and the impact on Europe and the world. By Instructor: Dr Aubrey A. Thompson. Course/Class: History 102. Date: Monday, April 8th, 2011 INTRODUCTION: Dating back to ancient civilizations, humans have always engagedRead MoreLearning More About Belarus744 Words   |  3 Pagestopics I could’ve chose, but I chose four topics on it’s heritage which is it’s physical, cultural, political, and economic geography. I have learned many things on Belarus such as geographic information, the Belarusians, history, and economy. Belarus has many educational information geographically. It is also known as The Republic of Belarus. If you never looked up this fine country on the globe, it is in the northern area of Eastern Europe. Belarus’s land is very large. It’s land area is a total ofRead MoreWhy Did the Bolsheviks Win the Russian Civil War?977 Words   |  4 Pagesintervention by the forces of foreign countries. The Bolsheviks were surrounded, and often outnumbered by their opponents. At times, their situation seemed hopeless. Yet, by the start of 1921, the Bolsheviks had defeated their enemies and gained a complete victory. This victory can be attributed to the party’s aims, leadership, geography, and support. The Bolsheviks, commonly known as the Reds, had one aim: to take over the current government and create a socialist Russia. This goal was very simple, and

Literary Anlysis - 1315 Words

Much of life results from choices we make. How we meet every circumstance, and also how we allow those circumstances to affect us dictates our life. In Anton Chekhov’s â€Å"The Lady With the Little Dog, we are given a chance to take a look inside two characters not unlike ourselves. As we are given insight into these two people, their character and nature unfolds, presenting us with people we can relate to. Even if we fail to grasp the fullness of a feeling or circumstance, we are still touched on our own level, evidencing the brilliance of Chekhov’s writing. In the exposition of the story, Chekhov immediately delves into his character generation, introducing us to both Anna Sergeevna and Dmitri Gurov, the main players in the story. He†¦show more content†¦Sex, lies, and deceit do take place, but they are all off stage. Chekhov takes this critical time to develop character, showing us what is going on inside the souls of the adulterers, rather than sensationalizing on the outside events that are all too popular in today’s society (as well as back when the story was written). Although Chekhov’s story is filled with complex issues of moral struggle and turmoil, it is a story we can all relate to. Everyone faces difficult decisions in life, and Chekhov brings the inner mayhem to light. Focus upon people rather than events impacts us in ways we cannot even describe. We are connected to the people in the story as we identify with the feelings and personalities of these fictional characters. â€Å"Everything that he [Gurov] found important, interesting, necessary, in which he was sincere and did not deceive himself, which constituted the core of his life, occurred in secret from others† (Chekhov 154). We are forced to reflect upon circumstances in our own lives, and all of life’s little nuances become significant once we realize that they affect the fiber of our being. Chekhov attracts â€Å"attention to

Discuss The Human Impact On Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Worlds can hold an unnatural and a monolithic impact on oceans all over the universe. Oceans around the universe are going more and more tarnished due to these impacts caused by worlds. Evidence shows that human activities are changing ocean ecosystems beyond their natural province. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss The Human Impact On Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now These human activities are harming the ocean ‘s capacity to supply nutrient, protect places for the marine life, maintain clean H2O, and recover from environmental emphasiss like terrible storms. A recent survey has mapped the entire human impact on the seas for the first clip, and has revealed that the image is far worse than imagined. Forty per centum of the universe ‘s oceans have been to a great extent affected by human activities, including fishing, coastal development and pollution. The most badly affected countries are in the North Sea, South and East China Seas, Caribbean, Mediterranean, Red Sea, the Gulf, the Bering Sea, the East Coast of North America and the Western Pacific. All of this is due to human activities. Oceans An ocean is a organic structure of saline H2O that composes a big portion of a planet ‘s hydrosphere. The word â€Å" sea † is frequently used interchangeably with â€Å" ocean † , but purely talking a sea is a organic structure of saline H2O partially or to the full enclosed by land. Because the ocean is accounted for being more than 70 % of the Earth ‘s surface, it is hence divided into different parts: ( In falling order ) Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean South-polar Ocean North-polar Ocean Because the ocean is the chief constituent of Earth ‘s hydrosphere, the universe ocean is indispensable to all known life. It besides forms portion of the C rhythm, and influences clime and conditions forms. The entire volume of the ocean is about 1.3 billion three-dimensional kilometers or 310 million three-dimensional stat mis with an mean deepness of 3,682 meters or 12,080 foot. It is besides the home ground of 230,000 known species, nevertheless much of the ocean ‘s deepnesss remain undiscovered and it is estimated that over two million marine species may be. This merely proves how huge and of import the ocean is. It is a shame that we worlds do so much injury to our oceans, cognizing how of import and indispensable it is to us and other life things that require its attending. Importance of the Ocean Throughout history worlds have been straight and indirectly influenced by the oceans. Ocean Waterss serve as a beginning of nutrient and valuable minerals, as a immense base for commercial manners, and supply a topographic point for both diversion and waste disposal. Gradually, people are turning to the oceans for their nutrient supply either by direct ingestion or indirectly by reaping fish that is so processed for farm animal provender. It has been estimated that every bit much as 10 % of human protein intake comes from the oceans. However, the food-producing potency of the oceans is merely partly recognized. Other biological merchandises of the oceans are besides commercially used. For illustration, pearls taken from oysters are used in jewellery, and shells and coral have been widely used as a beginning of constructing stuff. All living things would non be able to populate on this planet without the oceans. Oceans help chair the clime by maintaining it ice chest in summer and heater in winter. The oceans provide a huge surface country for H2O to vaporize, therefore seting wet in the ambiance so that precipitation may happen. The ocean is the best topographic point where vaporization takes topographic point. The ocean is a big organic structure of H2O, which makes it so convenient for vaporization to take topographic point. Most of the rain comes from H2O evaporated from the oceans. No workss or animate beings, including worlds could last without rain. Sadly, a batch of workss all over the universe acquire small to no H2O, doing them to decease. Therefore they may merely be able to depend on the rain for necessary grounds. And we worlds need workss for the O and other gases that they give off in order for us to remain alive. So if workss die, so we as worlds die along with other populating things. That ‘s merely two of the really major things where at that place could n’t even be life without oceans. There is a batch more, like where would all the fish semen from to feed one million millions of people who depend on seafood to last if there were no oceans? In which fish would be a immense precedence for people who non merely feed on fish, but besides fishermen who sell fish as a occupation in order to last. Ocean H2O is processed to pull out commercially valuable minerals such as salt, Br, and Mg. Although about 60 valuable chemical elements have been found dissolved in ocean H2O, most are in such dilute concentrations that the extraction of the minerals found in ocean H2O is n’t profitable. Ocean H2O is besides refined to bring forth fresh water. The oceans besides have become more of import for recreational usage, as each twelvemonth progresses, more people are attracted to the athleticss of swimming, fishing, scuba diving, boat racing, and waterskiing, merely to call a few. Ocean pollution in the interim, has escalated dramatically as those who use the oceans for recreational and commercial intents, every bit good as those who live nearby, have disposed of more and more wastes at that place. Human Impacts on Oceans Worlds have had a immense impact on the ocean. In fact, grounds of worlds can be found all over the oceans, even in the most distant polar countries, in the signifier of drifting rubbish. Worlds are the chief cause of pollution of the ocean. Washington Post published that â€Å" Human activities are impacting every square stat mi of the universe ‘s oceans, harmonizing to a survey by a squad of American, British and Canadian research workers who mapped the badness of the effects from pole to punt. † Some factors included warming ocean temperatures because of nursery gas emanations, alimentary overflow and fishing. The countries that are under the most stress due to human activities are the North and Norwegian seas, South and East China seas, Eastern Caribbean, North American eastern seaside, Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, Bering Sea, and the Waterss around Sri Lanka. Some marine ecosystems are under terrible force per unit area like sea saddle horses, mangrove swamps, sea grass and coral reefs. Almost half of all coral reefs experience medium high to really high impacts from worlds. Large and little contributing factors significantly pollute both inland and coastal Waterss by dumping their natural sewerage. Accidental oil spills or flushed oilers and seaward rigs ( 900,000 metric dozenss yearly ) , tarnishes beaches and injuries bird, fish, and works life. Worlds dump a batch of waste in the ocean such as rubbish, sewerage, oil, chemicals, heat, and even â€Å" noise † merely to call a few. As the human population additions on the Earth, these beginnings of pollution addition. Small sums of pollution do non harm the ocean ecosystems. In fact, sometimes the dumping of nutrient waste in the ocean can increase the productiveness of an country by providing an extra nutrient beginning for the marine animate beings. But, this is ever changing the natural province and normally becomes destructive in the long tally. Here are some of the impacts on the ocean that humans cause: Oil spills- Oil floats on the surface of the ocean, so when oil spills occur, the oil tends to stop up on the shore where it negatively impacts coastal wildlife and worlds. It can ache wildlife by squashing down bird plumes, lodging to angle gills, interrupting genteelness, and by poisoning animate beings and workss. Worlds are affected when beaches are closed and seafood can non be harvested. Once an oil spill occurs, chemicals may be used to spread the oil, but these chemicals may besides be toxic to marine life. To clean up a spill with minimal impact to the environment, bioremediation may be used. In this procedure, N and phosphorous-rich fertilisers are added to the contaminated beaches to excite the growing of bacteriums that purportedly eats off the oil. Sewage and trash- Trash is one of the most, if non, the most widespread pollutants that are caused by worlds. Beaches all over the universe become littered with the rubbish produced by world. Much of which is disposed of at sea and so drift all over the universe in the ocean currents. Everywhere in the universe, there are trash and sewerage being dumped into the ocean. Sewage Acts of the Apostless as a fertiliser and can be responsible for toxic plankton. Another possible consequence caused by sewerage is detoxification. Detoxification kills marine life because there is non adequate O in the H2O to take a breath. Sewage may besides take to diseases and unhealthy chemicals like heavy metals and other pollutants into coastal Waterss. Although the ocean is good at fring itself of pollutants by chemical procedures and dilution, as coastal populations grow, so make the human impacts on the marine environment. Storm drain and River run-off- These impacts begin far off from the seashore. This impact has a batch of pollutants that finally finds its manner to the ocean. Pollutants like a Styrofoam cup, oil and gasolene, soap from rinsing autos, a confect negligee, and old smoked coffin nails are some illustrations of storm drain and river run-off. Fertilizers, soap, and organic wastes will increase plankton and bacterium degrees in the ocean the same manner sewerage does. Oil and gasolene are toxic in both fresh water and seawater. A cloaca works may go overladen with sewerage and may be unable to handle it. This may go on during rain storms if the rain H2O is directed into storm drains that go to the cloaca works. Because of this many metropoliss now have storm drains that take the overflow H2O straight to the ocean which can be another job if the H2O is contaminated Watersheds- Watersheds can sometimes construct up sewerage, normally due to improper infected systems or people utilizing the watershed as an outdoor privy. When it begins to rain, these water partings are flushed into the ocean and highly high degrees of human sewerage contaminate the ocean. Thermal pollution- Thermal pollution is a by-product of the ocean ‘s usage as a chilling agent. The cool ocean H2O taken in is released at a higher temperature. Although the temperature of release is normally controlled by Torahs, and is non such a menace as the other signifiers of pollution are, one could conceive of what it would be like if more and more workss began utilizing ocean H2O as a coolant. Decision Worlds are decidedly a monolithic impact on the ocean. We as worlds truly benefit from the ocean, but we still are harming it in so many ways. Without the ocean, there would be desperate effects non merely for worlds, but for all living things that depend on it.. Worlds along with other living things would non be able to populate on this planet without the ocean, and I do n’t believe the planet would be able to transport on for long if there were no ocean. The ocean is get downing to alter along with planet Earth. The manner the worlds are impacting the ocean is really unsafe and is safe to nil that lives in it. The dumping of sewerage and rubbish and other pollutants in the ocean is staining and killing the marine life and the pureness of the ocean. Earth ‘s planetary ocean is the largest confirmed surface ocean on all discernible planets. This comes down to the fact that it takes up more than half of the Earth ‘s surface ; therefore it is the most of import portion of the Earth. And we as worlds need to take attention of it, in footings of its province of cleanliness. Because without the ocean, everything on the Earth will die. How to cite Discuss The Human Impact On Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Mass Media and Activist Groups

Introduction The mass media is a powerful component for social movements. Getting good media coverage strongly affects the way different social events are identified in the public eye. The comprehensive media coverage also makes messages stronger.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Activist Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media devotes attention to, for example, a social movement because they think the event will make interesting news. Lopes (2014, p. 3) affirms that social movements propagated by activist groups have been carried out in many different modes and at different levels in an attempt to transform societies. Scholars have regarded the emergence of social movements and its influence on the society as world-wide phenomena. This paper examines the complex nature of the interaction between mass media and social movements or activist groups. The essay will also discuss audiences alon gside the relationship between mass media and activist. This paper proves that mass media is a crucial source for political actors and activist groups with volatile and adversarial qualities, which in turn limit their ability to secure public legitimacy (Kielbowicz Scherer 1986; Gamson 1995, p. 85 in Baker 2007). Rise of social movements Loren von Stein, a German Sociologist introduced the term social movement into academic study in the 1950’s. He described the idea of launching the movement as a unitary process that is developed by working class individuals when their self-conscious awakens and they gain power (Tilly 2004 in Lopes 2014, p. 3). However, according to some psychological research, a social movement is described as a â€Å"contagion† among irrational people who lack a clear view of their future and are unable to strategically act and organise their plans. Such people have a different and negative perspective of life.Advertising Looking for essay on c ommunications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schwarz stated that, â€Å"participants in social movements are at least as rational as those who study them† (Schwarz, cited in Buechler 2000 in Donk, Loader, Nixon Ruchet 2004, p. 6). Subsequently, more descriptions of social movement have emerged over the years. Tarrow (1994, in Lopes, 2014, p. 3) defines it as the unified challenges faced by people who have the same purpose for solidarity and constant interactions with social difficulties, the elites and authorities. It suffices to mention that a social movement can be an important mechanism for social and political change as it has the ability to change the institutionalised politics that have already occurred (McAdam 2001 in Lopes 2014, p. 3). Additionally, these movements might arise to create a clear vision about human action, particularly the way that activist voluntarily collaborate and mobilize (Cameron 1974 i n Lopes 2014, p. 3). A social movement has also been described as an organisation, which interacted in political and cultural disagreements based on â€Å"shared collective identity† (Van Laer Van Aelst 2010, p. 1147). Mass media and activist groups There have been numerous activist groups that have been formed over the centuries. However, after the introduction of mass media, such groups became viral. They are not only larger, but such groups get support from all over the world. Mass media targets the largest crowds, or the audiences, possible. Additionally, the introduction of mass media via the internet helped make social movements global. Currently, a social movement in New York can have supporters all the way in Africa. A recent example that can be used is that of the gay rights movement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Activist Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movement sta rted in New York, but it attracted supporters and critics alike from all over the world due to both mass media and social media. It is necessary to point out that traditional mass media always has an alternative angle to airing such movements. In fact, they will air the movements whenever they feel there is a good story to sell within. Drawing from the gay movement, one can easily note why mass media picked up on the story. The first reason is that it is controversial, thus, many people will watch it. The second among many reasons is that it targeted critics, and some presidents came out boldly banning gay activists in their countries. According to Gitlin (1980) this interplay between media and the movement is similar to the relationship between journalists and politicians in many ways. Mass media and activist groups have a mutual dependency type of relationship. In simpler terms, the two help each other grow. Drawing again from the example of gay rights movement, one can see that t he media benefited from the movement as much as the movement benefitted from the media. The media benefitted from the movement in that many people tuned into their television and radio sets to get updates about the movement. In addition, many people took to social media platforms to discuss and follow the movement. It is crucial to point out that this movement turned global, after many of the activists took to both the traditional and the new mass media avenues to express their interests.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, a majority of mass media avenues wanted exclusives on the story due to the magnitude of traffic the movement attracted. Resultantly, many people would tune to the avenues that provided the detailed stories of the movement. Thus, the mass media got traffic through the story, while the movement got supporters due to the coverage provided by the mass media. On the contrary, Ruchet (2004) defined the nature of this relationship as an asymmetrical one. This means that one side needed the other more. Thus, social movement appears to be in a vulnerable position as it seeks media attention, most of the time, as compared to the media seeking social movements. Mass media and the political elite Participatory democracy states that everybody should have the right to access all the information they seek, as long as the information will enable the individuals and social groups to participate in the building of the society. Hence, the media, in any capitalistic system, should pr event manipulating knowledge by politic elite and some powerful economic source (Doctor 1994 in Wongrujira 2008, p. 30). Barker (2007, p. 6) argues that there are different views on the components of participatory democracy. For example, there are scholars who argue that public protest should be initiated by political elites and corporations, not individuals and civil society. These scholars claim that protests by individual people and the civil society only benefit a small group of people, and not the whole society. The existing relationship between politics and social movement has been a source of debate over the years. For the past several decades, social movements have had relationships with institutional, political action groups (Earl Rohlinger 2012, p. 8). In simpler terms, mass media, or media in general, may not be the only source with effect to mobilisation of the society, but they have significant impact on the political elite. The media literally shapes the political eli tes’ response to the activist groups during protests or any other activities. Many studies have examined various types of action and noticed a, â€Å"hierarchy of political participation† (Marsh 1977, Barens Kaase 1979, Dalton 1996 in Van Laer Van Aelst 2010 p. 1150). The role of politics has been associated with activities, whether intensive or moderate, of activists. Moreover, other studies claim that there are cases where social movement may be more independent of authority, especially when the events under the spotlight of mass media, in this case authority, choose to create distance and not use repression against any activities in order to prevent violence. In reporting social movement and activism, it is clear that the political elites often ignore collective action. Collective action in this sense refers to what the group wants. For example, the gay rights movement wanted more countries and governments to secure the rights of the gay people, including the righ t to get married. Political elites have been known to decipher social movements using four components. Worthiness, unity, number and commitment (WUNC) of a by social movement will not only attract political support, but it will also attract media coverage (Tilly 2006 in Vliegenthart Walgrave 2012, p. 394). The role of the media in social events, regardless of whether it is political, economic, or environmental, as well as the type of the media, whether old or new and the autonomies they have, can be problematic. Their description of events and factors that led to the events described can cause more chaos than good. Additionally, their desire to impress and gain traffic and power can reduce the main goal of the activist group to seem needy and unimportant. The general interest of mass media and activism has been subject of interest for many studies as they examine social movement demonstration in press. One study that was done to determine the relationship between the two was concen trated on a protest that was held against the Vietnam War in the United Kingdom (Halloran 1970 in Conboy Steel 2014). The event was held in London were the demonstrations attracted a significant number of protesters, who marched peacefully. Indeed, there was some little fracas here and there, but the entire protest was described as very peaceful. It is interesting to note that the media only highlighted the small violent acts that took place during the protest. They paid no attention to the other seemingly peaceful walk. The repetition of the violent scene made it appear more rogue than it really was. This misinterpretation of the political event, and the negative media coverage they gave, shows the problem between democracy and the media (Halloran 1970). The way media treats some social movements can indicate whether the movement had some political support. Activist groups that garner more political support will most likely have their activities broadcasted all over the world. In such instances, as mentioned, the political elites in play usually have something to gain from the movement. Additionally, many political elites would not come out openly and claim that they support an activist group. In the same breadth, however, there are some rare cases where they have come open about their support for activist groups, and reasons behind their support. New media and independency The emergence of new media has reduced the impact of traditional media. Therefore, many activist groups have turned to new media to express their issues. It suffices to mention that new media has provided various global platforms, which the activist groups can use to get their messages out. New media involves platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Google+ and even the web pages created to support activism among other things. The interesting thing about new media is that it can be linked into one mass media that targets the world. Posts and views on social movements that are posted on Facebook can be shared to web pages and other social media platforms. Thus, the story about the movement becomes bigger. There are studies that claim that new media has improved communication worldwide and made it easier for people to access information and engage in events with more freedom (Shriky 2011 in Lopes 2014, p. 8). Social media has indeed become part of everyday life for the activists, citizens, governments and even NGOs as they all engage with the social media sites. Many scholars confirm the importance of social movements to engage in social media as they will be able to mobilise millions of people in different countries to support their cause. This, in turn, makes their movement much more pronounced (Lopes 2014, p. 9). The Egyptian revolution 2011 is a good example that shows the result of using social media effectively and freely with the availability of the resources. The new wave of media activism changed a lot of things and on the top of the list is communication structure. It has new forms, alongside the new technology, which lower communication costs. For example, creating websites and posting all activists is cheaper compared to doing it using the traditional media. Moreover, there is less repression coming from the new media compared to the traditional media. Furthermore, new media allows activist groups to help each other as their connection facilities are more accessible. Indeed, there are some activist groups that aim to democratizing media and new media has made this easier for them (Carroll 2006) Conclusion In conclusion, mass media and activist groups have a mutual dependency relationship. Available research shows that the relationship between mass media and social movements has been debated over decades. Establishing a definition needs compromise, as well as a rational understanding of different things that interfere with the relationship, such as politics and corporations. The political elites are specifically prone to frustrating the rela tionship because many activist groups target political entities. In addition, the relationship between media and social movements has been shaped by the emergence of new media. New media, in this sense, includes social media and blogs. These platforms allow the activist groups to reach millions of people all over the world and ask for their support. Similarly, new media has eased the tension between social movements and politics. As mentioned, on numerous instances, political entities would try to frustrate the movements by restricting the traditional media. Social media and new media in general have made this restriction impossible. Thus, people are not only free to join social movements, but they are also free to look for information on different activist actions. This essay on Mass Media and Activist Groups was written and submitted by user Giana Logan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Essays

The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Essays The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Paper The Negative Effects of Technology on Children’s Social Development Paper Children are being exposed to technology at a younger age every generation. The average age that a child received a cell phone in 2006 was thirteen (Carter). In 2009 that age dropped down to eight, according to Tribune Business Journal. The use of technology by children negatively affects interpersonal communication skills because it limits social interactions and development and this is important because it affects future jobs, relationships and health. Cognitive development is the construction of thought process, including remembering, problem solving and decision making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. † (Lloyd 15) If, during â€Å"critical periods of development† (Cole 13), the child misses an important developmental skill, the ball is set rolling, and the child will be behind his or her peers. One critical period is around when a child is about eight years old. Here, they begin to learn how to communicate their needs effectively and polish their thought process. These specific thought process skills include assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation. According to Piaget, assimilation is the process by which various experiences are mentally taken in and incorporated into existing schemas. Accommodation is taking what is experienced and applying it to new and old information and adaptation is taking the information processed and changing their behavior based on the experience. This is the very core of the human thought process. If this stage of mental development is missed, the foundation for future developmental skills is fragile. How a child at eight years old might miss this stage is by replacing face to face conversations with adults, with texting or fragmented phone call conversations with peers. The evidence of the effects of technology on children’s social skills is most notable in school, where they do the most socializing. However, when observing students in school today, versus ten years ago, there are drastic differences. At first glance in an average high school, the hallways are buzzing with the sounds of chatter and laughter, but when you look closely many of the students are at their lockers texting. Most schools prohibit the use of cell phones in class; hence the time that the students spend together in the halls is also spent attached to their phones texting each other instead of socializing face to face. On the bus rides to and from school, most students choose to listen to their MP3 players and play handheld gaming systems instead of attempting to make conversations. By making conversations, not only do they expand their network of friends, but their vocabulary and socializing skills. After school, students ride the silent bus home, to go straight to their rooms and computers. Here they isolate themselves from friends in their neighborhood, playing in online virtual worlds they create. These online â€Å"selves† can project identities that are not their own, morphing them into what they want to be seen as, instead of who they really are. This creates a self image conflict and children continue to isolate themselves to preserve their virtual â€Å"image† or become the person they are pretending to be. Even social networks is a virtual community where children are opting to socialize instead of going over to a friend’s house. Less face to face conversation also inhibits emotional exchange. Texting and typing responses on a computer, hardly make up for the social interactions children once had ten years ago. Academically, technology has adverse affects on students who overuse it. Within class, students who are less socially developed are less likely to partake in group activities. Over time, this forces teachers to change their teaching styles to accommodate those students. Group projects in school is more than just being able to assign larger more in depth projects. This is where students learn how to problem solve, give and receive constructive criticism, work together, and learn leadership skills. However, these group projects are more painful than helpful because students lack the foundation of interpersonal communication skills. Teachers resort to teaching verbally and rely on the students capabilities in auditory processing. School is becoming boring to students to overuse technology. They are so used to being constantly stimulated and needing to multitask every moment, that school is no longer stimulating enough. Since their attention spans are so limited, their auditory processing is also limited. Because of the heavy use of abbreviations used while texting, students grades are being negatively impacted because they are using the slang and abbreviations in assignments and formal papers. Most of the problems children are having today can be prevented by parents and school systems. As research is continuing to be done, schools are trying to adapt. Even though some schools have banned cell phones, that does not mean the students keep them at home. They resort to secretly texting during class, which means they are not focusing on their lessons. They are able to multitask but their attention spans are shortened. : Carter, O. K. Students are Facing New Addiction: Cellphones. McClatchy Tribune Business News (2006): 1. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 13 Feb. 2011. Cole, Michael, Sheila R. Cole, and Cynthia Lightfoot. The Development of Children. New York: Worth, 2001. 13-15. Print Collis, Betty. Children and Computers in School. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1996. Print. Johnson, Teddi Dineley. Excessive texting, social networking linked to health risks for teenagers. Nations Health 40. 10 (2011): 11. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Lloyd, Peter, and Charles Fernyhough. Lev Vygotsky: Critical Assessments. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 1999. Print Plester, Beverly, Clare Wood, and Victoria Bell. Txt msg n school literacy: does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect childrens literacy attainment?. Literacy 42. 3 (2008): 137-144. 139 Charts Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. Tomei, Lawrence A. Challenges of Teaching with Technology across the Curriculum: Issues and Solutions. Hershey, Pa: Information Science, 2003. Print.

Building Your Email List Part 1 The Basics

Building Your Email List Part 1 The Basics Before social media became the communication vehicle of choice, many of us had email lists. Now that policy changes at Twitter, Facebook and other platforms are making it harder to reach our fans without paying to promote, it’s time to dust the old list off and use it again. This week I’m going to give you some easy, immediately actionable ways to start growing your email list and next week I’ll tell you how to start using those names to drive sales. Set up some sort or organizational system for any information you already have. I recommend signing up with an Email Management System (EMS) immediately. Aweber, MailChimp, MyEmma and Constant Contact all have great low- and no-cost options. Create a simple privacy policy and post it on your website. A few sentences are fine. Mine is â€Å"I will never sell or share your information. And I wont spam you. Neither of us have time for that.† An email address is valuable. Create an exclusive thank-you offering for those who opt-in. A free story or book, or a short video course; there are no limits. Think of an item that will grow your brand and be of value to your fans. Now you’re ready. Using the tools provided Post the sign-up widget in the sidebar of your website or blog, where it will be available no matter what page someone is looking at. Post a link to it on Twitter (no more than once every few days, and don’t forget to stagger posting times). If your EMS offers Facebook integration, set it up. If not, post your link there too, and add to the back of your books, your

Marketing debate and discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing debate and discussion - Research Paper Example It is also satisfactory to the marketer by meeting marketing objectives. Nevertheless, as the above definition holds, other people criticize the process of marketing as to creating unnecessary needs and wants. Promotion services offered during marketing are always meant to attract many customers and give the company higher sales than the competitors. However, as Mattsson puts it, companies fail when they raise the expectations of the consumers beyond what they can actually provide. This raises the cost of marketing, and as a result of failure to deliver; more efforts are required to counter and correct the effect of the former promotion by both the marketer as well as the consumers (Mattsson 11-14). To meet specific customer expectations and or the failure to satisfy them may also translate to spending more by the customer. The successes of all marketing procedures highly depend on training and the competency of the marketing team and this as well translates to extra cost and need to the company. Therefore, marketing can be rightly seen to satisfy and cr eate needs, both to the marketer and to the target group. Mission statement for an organization is usually a theme that is well deliberated on as to how the business and operations relate to the customers, employees, management and the ownership structure of the enterprise. Mission statements are very essential to any organization as they aid in marketing through the following three ways; shows how a marketing plan fulfills the mission of marketing as pertains to the overall organizations mission, assists in a clear manner of evaluating the performance of marketing procedures and designs and guides implementation of a marketing plan (Anon 5). Mission statements have been found to have little or at times no disparity between similar organizations or departments. On customer targeting, marketing in particular may opt for age. Marketers usually have

Possession of a Gun in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Possession of a Gun in the United States - Essay Example (Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 2008) The procedures for licensing differ from state to state. 9 states have "may issue" laws that unlike the "shall issue" laws can deny applications. There are also "never issue" laws such as in Hawaii where the issuance of permits is seized completely by the officials. Two states, Vermont and Alaska actually permit a non-felon aged 16 or 21 respectively access to hand guns without even a permit. Some states conduct training classes for the applicants, prior to issuing permits, to instruct them about the mechanics, terminology and safety measures related to weapon ownership. Through the licenses issued, records of all gun owners are kept. (Kopel, 1999) People in favor of it believe it to provide them with a sense of security from any form of harm and those who are physically weaker or beaten believe in gun ownership as giving them equal power compared to the other citizens. It makes them feel safe and secure and nothing is more important than safety and security of life. Statistical data has proven that people with handgun permits are the most law-abiding citizens. John Lott, a professor in the University of Chicago studied 18 years worth of data regarding this.

Responsibilities Under the Health and Safety at Work Act

Responsibilities Under the Health and Safety at Work Act STUDENT NAME: IP OGOLO INTRODUCTION The purpose of this assignment is to compare and contrast the responsibilities imposed by the duties under sections 2,3,4,7 and 8 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. This would be achieved by critically analysing different case law, the Health and Safety at Work Act and other relevant literature. In this assignment, the interpretation of various words and phrases in the above mentioned sections of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 would be looked at and the elements of convictions would also be analysed. OVERVIEW OF SECTIONS 2,3 AND 4 SECTION 2 OF THE HASAWA 1974 Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974, imposes duties on the employer towards his employees. Section 2(1), states that it shall be the duty of every employer to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable the health, safety and welfare at work of all its employees. The words health, safety and welfare are not clearly defined (Moore and Selwyn 2015) in the HASAWA 1974 but health includes both mental and physical health. Safety refers to the absence of foreseeable injury while welfare refers to water, lighting, toilet facilities, cloakroom, canteen etc. This duty is imposed on every employer irrespective of the size of the business or organisation, to ensure that such workplace is safe provided it is reasonably practicable for such employer to make it safe. The duties imposed by the HASAWA 1974 do not exempt employers of small businesses and the only defence from employers would be reasonable practicability. For example, an off-license shop employer who only has two part-time employees must also comply with the duties of the employer to ensure the health, safety and welfare of its part-time employees. Section 2(1) also included welfare unlike other sections of the HASAWA 1974 which only focus on health and safety. This means that employers have a duty to provide welfare facilities such as toilets, change room, eating area, adequate ventilation, adequate lighting, etc. The only defence for small business employers or any other employer who is non-compliant with these duties is the reasonably practicability of such health and safety measures. Reasonably practicability is one of those issues of debate. Reasonable practicable depends on a number of factors which are used to test if it was reasonably practicable for the workplace to be safe or not. These factors are weighed on a scale which measures the risks versus the sacrifices which the employer has to make in order to comply with the duties. These sacrifices could be ( Matthews and Ageros 2016) time, money, man-power or the effort/knowledge available to eliminate or mitigate those health and safety risks. An example of a case law where so far as is reasonably practicable played a significant role in the judgement is in Edwards v National Coal Board [1949] 1 ALL ER 743, where a timberman who worked in a coalmine was killed by the collapse of the side walls of the road in the course of his work. The National Coal Board was taken to court and they argued that it was not reasonably practicable for them to have prevented the accident. They contended that it was not possible for them to predict where and when a collapse would occur, and the cost; labour and effort in propping and lining all their mines outweigh the risk. Reasonably practicability ( Moore and Selwyn 2015) varies in each prosecution and it is a question of fact and evidence; this depends on the employer having sufficient evidence to show that everything reasonably practicable was done to make the workplace safe . Therefore, what might be reasonably practicable for company A may not necessarily be reasonably practicable for company B Figure 1 (Reasonably practicable)    Subsection 2(2) of the HASAWA 1974 states that it is the duty of the employer to ensure that plants are well maintained and safe systems of work are available so far as is reasonably practicable. Safe systems of work (Moore and Selwyn 2015) for plants can only be provided by an employer if the plant is located in a place where the employer has control over it and can give clear directions and procedures on how it should be used. Plants should be regularly maintained and efficient at all times in order to comply with the duties under subsection 2(2)(a). The maintenance (Moore and Selwyn 2015) of plants is a matter of foresight. The employer could have planned routine checks by competent persons or monitoring program in place to meet the requirements of this section. In section 2(2) the employer also has a duty to provide information, training, instruction and supervision to its employees. The information (Moore and Selwyn 2015) which is provided must be accurate and meaningful and also extends to contractors where necessary to ensure safety. In most cases, employers use induction training as one of the ways to provide information to its employees. Some employers use toolbox talks and organised in-house training as means of conveying health and safety related information to their employees. Any employer who does not provide adequate supervision to its employees would be in breach of this section. Section 2 (3)-(7) imposes duties on the employer to provide and revise health and safety policy and also have safety representatives and safety committees depending on the size of the organisation. An example of a prosecution under section 2(3) is Osborne v Bill Taylor of Huyton Ltd [1982] ICR 168. This breach was (Barret and Howells 1995) a failure to prepare an adequate written health and safety policy. The company carried out betting business in thirty-one separate betting shops connected by a central accounting system, management training program etc. The judges decision in this case was that the company was not in breach of section 2(3) because it had less than five employees for the time being. In my opinion, I would disagree with the Judges decision because the fact that the betting shops are centrally controlled means that it is one single undertaking, taking place in several locations and the total number of employees should be about ninety-three (93), see below for details; ÃÆ'- = 93 employees Figure 2 And therefore, should have been found guilty for a breach of section 2(3) because more than five employees were conducting a single undertaking in various locations. 2.2. SECTION 3 OF THE HASAWA 1974 Section 3 of the HASAWA 1974 covers the general duties of employers and self-employed to the public/ other people not employed by them. It states that it is the duty of every employer to conduct its undertaking in such a way to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that persons not in his employment are not exposed to health and safety risks. (The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act, 1974) Lays emphasis in subsection 3(3) that the employer and self employed persons must give information about the hazards and risks associated with the conduct of its undertaking to those who may be affected by the conduct of his undertaking in a prescribed manner. This basically means that in some cases, it would be necessary for the employer or self employed persons to provide information which could be in the form of mailed newsletters, letter or formal visits to those who may be affected by the conduct of their undertaking to provide the necessary information about the areas in which these people may be affected and ways to reduce exposure for the benefit of their health and safety. For example, before a construction project commences, the neighbouring community needs to be aware of the health and safety risks such as noise, moving plants and heavy duty vehicles, etc in order for both parties to agree on ways to reduce their exposure. In section 3, the phrase reasonably practicable has been used which means that the employer or self employed persons need to weigh the risks versus the cost to determine if it is reasonably practicable for these safety measures to be in place. Additionally, this section refers to the word prescribed which to my understanding means a specified manner in which the information has to be presented to those who may be affected by the conduct of the employers or self-employed persons undertaking. One of the most common prescribed ways in which such information may be conveyed is through induction training for visitors. In this section, the word risk has been used which means (Moore and Selwyn 2015) the possibility of danger and not actual danger. The HASAWA 1974 does not state that an employer needs to wait for an accident to occur before measures and procedures would be in place. It states that provided there is a possibility of danger or injury, then it is the duty of the employer to either eliminate or mitigate such hazards. Another important word used in section 3 is undertaking which means (Moore and Selwyn 2015) business, work activities, enterprise etc. For instance, if company A gives a contract to company B (Brick-layer) who lays bricks in company As site, then the layering of bricks forms part of company As undertaking. However, the question of how much control the employer has (Moore and Selwyn 2015) over the operation as part of his undertaking could make it difficult in any criminal conviction. For example, if Company B decides to lay the bricks outside company As construction site, then company A may not have much control over how the bricklayers decide to lay those bricks with regards to health and safety. Some case law examples referring to undertaking are R v Swan hunter Shipbuilders Ltd [1981] ICR 831 and R v Mara [1986] IRLR 154, which would be discussed later in the assignment. It is important to note that an employer (Moore and Selwyn 2015) may still be conducting his undertaking even though the business is closed. For example, a food factory may be closed but the cleaning and maintenance of machinery may still be taking place which would still form part of the employers undertaking. 2.3.  SECTION 4 This section states the general duties of persons concerned with premises to persons other than their employees. It imposes duties on people such as landlords, security officers, estate agents etc. who have (Moore and Selwyn 2015) control over non-domestic premises or the means of access (such as doors, stairs, lift etc) or exit or any plant or substances which are used by non-employees as a place of work, to ensure that such areas or plants are safe so far as is reasonably practicable. It is important to note that residential premises are clearly domestic premises except the communal areas such as lifts, stairs, main door etc. which could be used as access for persons such as handyman, repairers, plumber, electricians, etc. as a place of work. The phrase reasonably practicable has also been used in this section of the Act. When a person makes (Moore and Selwyn 2015) available premises for the use of others, the reasonableness of the measures taken to ensure safety must be determined in the light of the controllers knowledge of the anticipated use of those premises and his knowledge of the actual use. For example, if a Landlord rents out offices to businesses, the landlord needs to know the scope of these businesses in order to put certain safety measures in place. This means that the reasonableness of such safety measures (Moore and Selwyn 2015) would be weighed against the controllers knowledge, the finances and effort it would take for such hazard to be eliminated or mitigated. For instance, an uneducated landlord who owns business premises may have the finances but may not have the knowledge or effort in ensuring that such premises is safe however evidence is needed to this defence of reasonably practicability. It is important to note that the duties (Moore and Selwyn 2015) under section 4 are not limited to persons who are at work. Section 4(1)(a) states that these duties are in relation to non-employees, which would protect the general public including children. For example, a person who controls childrens play centres, libraries, schools etc would still have a duty to ensure that such premises are safe and without risks to those who may be affected by the conduct of their undertaking. A case law example under a breach of section 4 is Mailer v Austin Rover Group Plc [1989] 2 ALL ER 1087, where an employee of a contractor was killed while working for Austin Rover. Austin Rover was charged for a breach of section 4 because it had total control of the premises and could have taken measures to prevent such fatality. Another example of a prosecution under section 4 is the case of Westminster City Council versus Select Management Ltd [1984] 1 ALL ER 994. This company managed blocks of flats in London and had control of the common areas such as lifts, staircase, and landings etc and failed to ensure that the lifts and electrical installations were safe and without risk to health and safety. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECTIONS 2, 3 AND 4 2.4.1 Sections 2 and 3 refer to the duties of the employer either towards their employees or non-employees. The employer has an obligation to ensure that the workplace is safe. Non-employers would be exempted from the duties under sections 2 and 3. Additionally, sections 2 and 3 create criminal offences for the employer if not complied with (R v Tangerine confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015). A case law example is R versus Swan Hunter Shipbuilders [1981] ICR 831, where these companies were charged for breaching sections 2 and 3 of the HASAWA 1974. On the 25th of September 1976, a welder (an employee of Telemeter) went into a small compartment in the deck where a fire started the moment he started welding. The question that was raised (Barrett and Howells 1995) was whether the duties imposed on Swan hunter under sections 2 and 3 include to provide the employees of sub-contractors with information about the dangers of oxygen enriched atmosphere and secondly with instructions to ensure that safety of the workers on board, including the employees of Swan hunters and Telemeter. Figure 3 From the above diagram the relationship between Swan hunter and Telemeters is wide and the jury made emphasis that the duties under section 2 and 3 are wide enough to cover providing information and instruction to contractors and subcontractors as well. The precedent that was established in the above case law is the meaning of the phrase conduct of its undertaking in relation to the duties imposed on the employer in section 3 of the HASAWA 1974. With regards to undertaking, the welding job done by Telemeter was part of Swan hunters undertaking and therefore, failed to ensure the health and safety of persons not in its employment. Furthermore, section 2 is concerned with ensuring safety and section 3 is concerned with ensuring an absence of safety (Matthews and Ageros 2016) which mean the same thing. The level of safety in the workplace would be determined by what is reasonably foreseeable by the employer. Reasonably foreseeability is an important element in managing risks in the workplace. An example of a case law where foreseeability of risks played an important role in the judgement is R versus Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015. In this case, the defendant was charged in breach of section 2 of HASAWA 1974 because an operator of machinery was crushed to death by a WD machine used in manufacturing sweets. The judge in R v Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015 stated, Safety must be judged by what might be reasonably foreseen by a reasonable and prudent employer. The defendant stated that the accident was not foreseeable. The foreseeability of risk (R v Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) is only reasonably practicable if a reasonable person can foresee a material risk which is created by a plant, machinery or work-related activity. In this case, the foreseeability of an injury occurring with the use of the WD machine was obvious. However, the jury had no evidence that (R v Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) the foreseeability of the risks of this machine caused the accident because the machine had been used for thousands of hours without any accidents. Irrespective of the lack of evidence on foreseeability, the jury concluded that there was a foreseeable possibility that someone might get entangled in the arms of this machine (R v Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011 ] EWCA Crim 2015). The precedent that was established in the above case is the meaning of foreseeable risk. The risk has to be a material risk which a reasonable person can foresee to be a source of danger. Foreseeability of risks is relevant to the question whether a material risk to safety exists. That is why a risk assessment is an exercise in foresight. Sections 2 and 3 impose a duty on employers to ensure an absence of safety (R v Tangerine Confectionery Ltd [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) which makes them think deliberately about risks which are both obvious and not obvious. If an employer does not have the knowledge to enable him/her foresee risks, then it is his/her responsibility to employ a competent person such as a health and safety advisor to assist him in conducting an adequate risk assessment. Another example of a prosecution where foreseeability influenced the judgement is Regina v Pyranha Mouldings Ltd [2014] EWCA Crim 533. Pyranha Mouldings Ltd was prosecuted for a breach of section 2(1) of the HASAWA 1974 due to an incident which occurred on the 2nd of March 2011. This company manufactured plastic Kayaks and canoes which were shipped in shipping containers. On this particular day, the loader/ banksman Mark Malcom was crushed against the roof of container because the forklift driver could not see him. This company was prosecuted because the unsafe system of work had existed for over eighteen years without any risk assessment and lack of supervision of work. The jury stated that (R v Pyranha Mouldings Ltd [2014] EWCA Crim 533) the risk of serious injury or death was substantial and foreseeable but the company did nothing about it. The foreseeability in this case played an important role in the judgement and the elements of conviction for a breach of section 2(1) are that Pyranha mouldings was the employer of Mr Malcom (the injured worker) and the employer also failed to ensure the health, safety and welfare of Mr Malcom and other employees including the forklift driver Mr Kevin. The burden of proof rests on Pyranha Mouldings to show the Jury that it took all reasonably practicable steps to keep the workplace safe, which it failed to do therefore was guilty of the offence under section 2(1) of the HASAWA 1974 . Another similarity between sections 2 and 3 is that the duties (Matthews and Ageros 2016) imposed are personal and cannot be delegated. The employer and self-employed have full responsibility to ensure health and safety and have no defence that the duties were delegated to a member of staff who failed to ensure compliance. The difference between sections 2 and 3 (R v Tangerine Confectionery [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) is on the person to whom the obligation is owed. Section 2 creates an obligation towards employees while section 3 is towards non-employees or the general public who may be affected by that employers undertaking/ job activities. An example of a case law is Veola ES v The Queen [2011] EWCA Crim 2015), a refuse collection company that was sentenced for a breach of sections 2 and 3 of the HASAWA 1974. In this case, an employee Mr Griffiths was killed on a fast dual carriage way while collecting litter. The defendant argued that the accident had nothing to do with the operation of the defendants undertaking. The appeal was dismissed because the court did not have to prove causation of the accident. Causation of the accident (R v Tangerine Confectionery [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) was a matter of evidence but not an essential ingredient of the offence. An accident is enough evidence that a material risk existed and his employees health, safety and welfare were not ensured. Under sections 3 of the HASAWA 1974, it was the conduct of the defendants undertaking of litter collection which exposed the defendants non-employees to the accident (R v Tangerine Confectionery [2011] EWCA Crim 2015). Another similarity between sections 2, 3 and 4 is that the phrase so far as is reasonably practicable is being used, which means that these duties are not absolute. This phrase gives those obliged to fulfil their duties the freedom to weigh the risks versus the cost, in order to ensure that the workplace or premises is safe. What is reasonably practicable depends (R v Tangerine Confectionery [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) on degree of foreseeable risk of injury, the gravity of the injury if it occurs and the implications of the measures/ methods in avoiding it. An offence is committed under section 2 if the defendant cannot prove that all reasonably practicable steps have been taken to ensure that its employees are safe in the workplace. While under section 3, an offence is committed if there is a material risk to the health and safety of non-employees (R v Tangerine Confectionery [2011] EWCA Crim 2015) who may be affected by the employers undertaking and the defendant has not taken such steps as are reasonably practicable to avoid those risks. Under section 4, an offence is committed if the person in control of premises so far as is reasonably practicable has not ensured that such premises is safe and without risks to the health and safety of those who might be affected. Another similarity between sections 2 and 3 is that they both refer to the phrase in such cases as may be prescribed and in a prescribed circumstance and prescribed manner which gives an indication that the responsible person based on the situation would fulfil these duties in a particular way. Section 3 and 4 refer to the word undertaking. In section 3 the employer needs to ensure the health and safety of non-employees who may be affected by any risks arising from his work activities. Subsections 4(4) refers to the controllers business activities or undertaking which means that any work activity connected with such controller of premises need to be done in a safe manner. Sections 2(2)(d) and 4 have similarities, in that they both refer to the provision of safe access and exit from work premises, provided it is reasonably practicable to do it. These sections also refer to the extent of control which the employer or controller of such premises has. For example in the Swan Hunter Shipbuilders [1981 ICR 831] case, the issue of control was also raised. Another case example (Barret and Howells 1995) is that of Westminster City Council v Select Management Ltd [1985], where the appellant was in breach of section 4 of the HASAWA 1974 because it failed to ensure that the communal areas of a block of flats were safe. Subsection 2(2)(a) imposes duties on the employer to ensure that plants are safe and without risks to (Barret and Howells 1995) employees, which is similar to those duties under sections 4(2). ELEMENTS OF AN OFFENCE OF BREACHING THE DUTIES UNDER SECTION 2 In order for the jury to convict an employer for a breach of sections 2(1) the following elements would need to be proven; (Matthews and Ageros 2016) That the defendant was at the material time an employer That the defendant failed to ensure the health, safety and welfare of its employees at work. A failure to ensure health and safety occurs when there is an exposure to a material risk to health and safety. The employee (Matthews and Ageros 2016) has to be at work for this to be applicable. This means that when the business is shut or closed for the day and there is no one at work then it is not applicable because no employees are exposed (Matthews and Ageros 2016). The employer would be guilty of a breach of section 2(1) unless it can prove that it was not reasonably practicable to minimise or eliminate the risk to the health, safety and welfare of its employees. Satisfying the test of reasonably practicability (Barret and Howells 1995) involves placing the risk on one scale and the sacrifices involved in taking the necessary measures for eliminating or mitigating the risk ( time, money, effort etc) being placed on the other scale. ELEMENTS OF AN OFFENCE OF BREACHING THE DUTIES UNDER SECTION 3 In order for an employer to be convicted for a breach of section 3(1) the burden of proof rests on the prosecutor to show the following; (Barret and Howells 1995) That the defendant at the material time was an employer That the defendant failed to conduct its undertaking in such a way as to ensure (Barret and Howells 1995) that persons not employed by the defendant who might be affected thereby were not exposed to material risks to their health and safety. AREAS OF CONTROVERSIES AND DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DUTIES Some words and phrases relating to the duties under sections 2, 3 and 4 have been interpreted differently by different judges and have also created controversies in the court of law. Firstly, the HASAWA 1974 does not directly define the word employer but defines an employee to be someone who works under a contract of employment. Thus, an employer is a person who employs an employee. Therefore, if a person has no employees he/she is not an employer and does not owe a duty under section 3(1) but could be prosecuted under section 3(2) as a self-employed person. The fact that the act does not clearly define the word employer creates ambiguity in the court where someone may be regarded as an employer but no written contract of employment exists between such employer and the employee. This also creates another issue between the contract of employment and contract of service. For example, a small business may have a contract of service with a self-employed cleaner to clean their premises on a daily basis, but there is no contract of employment between them. Would the jury regard such a cleaner as an employee or a contractor? And would the employer still owe a duty under section 2? These questions could only be answered based on the situation and evidence. Moreover, there are companies which employ nobody under a written contract of service but engage a significant number of self-employed workers. In this case, a prosecution of such a company may be undertaken for a breach of sections 2(1) or sections 3(1) with the company alleged to be an employer (Matthews and Ageros 2016) through the extent of its control over those performing the work .For example, R versus Swan Hunter shipbuilder [1981] ICR 831 case. Another area of controversy under these duties is with the phrase exposed to risks to health and safety. It is important to note that an exposure to health and safety risks (Matthews and Ageros 2016) occurs where there is a possibility of danger and this does not require the danger to have occurred or any dangerous occurrence to have come to pass. In some prosecutions, the prosecutors argued that an accident or injury is sufficient evidence to prove that a material risk exists in the workplace. An example of a prosecution relating to this phrase (Barret and Howells 1995) is the case of R v Board of Trustees of the Science Museum[1993] 3 All ER 853 ,where the museum was in breach of section 3(1) because two of its cooling towers could possibly be containing legionella Pneumophila bacteria. The prosecutor stated (Barret and Howells 1995) that they did not have to prove that the members of the public actually inhaled the bacteria and that the word risk means the possibility of danger and not necessarily actual danger. Even where an injury has occurred, it may not be enough for the prosecutor to simply claim that the injury demonstrates that there was a risk. Where a prosecution is brought under section 3(1), it may be necessary to identify and prove the respects (Matthews and Ageros 2016) in which the injured person was liable to be affected by the way the defendant conducted its undertaking. Furthermore, could an employer be prosecuted under section 2 when no employee is at work? This is an area where prosecutors have debated over. For example, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council versus Malrod Insulations Ltd [1993] ICR 358, where the prosecutor appealed on allegations made against an asbestos removal company called Malrod Insulations Ltd. This company was contracted to strip asbestos insulation from the premises of Ingesoll Rand Ltd. On the 21st of November 1989, the premises were inspected by the environmental health services of Bolton metropolitan Borough council. During this inspection, there were no employees at work and it was evident that the asbestos decontamination plant had electrical defects. The prosecutor took (Barret and Howells 1995) this case to court but at the end of the case, the recorder upheld a submission that there was no case to answer because in order for Malrod Insulations Ltd to be found guilty of the offence under section 2 of the HASAWA 1974, its employees had to be at work. The appellant argued (Barret and Howells 1995) that it is not the fact of men being at work while in the course of employment which creates the offence, but the HASAWA 1974 must protect the employees who would come to work the next day. In the above case, the interpretation of the employers duties seems ambiguous. In my opinion, section 2(1) states that the employer should ensure the health, safety and welfare of its employees at work and then section 2(2) lays down examples of how these duties can be carried out. However, (Moore and Selwyn 2015) it begins with the sentence without prejudice to the generality of the duties under the preceding subsection. Subsection 2(2)(a) states that the provision of safe plants is a requirement irrespective of whether or not employees are at work. Referring to the above case, the fact that such unsafe asbestos decontamination plant is within the place of work increases its likelihood of been used when workers resume work the following day. The employer could argue that such unsafe plants would undergo repairs before anyone is permitted to use the

Royal Selangor

The Royal Selangor Pewter: STP Strategy and Marketing Mix. (Written by: Wong Eu Jun of DIA201204. ) Founded by a man named Yong Koon in 1885, Royal Selangor Pewter is a Malaysian pewter manufacturer-retailer which has since become the largest global brand leader in the line of pewter objects manufacturing and a prominent one in the metal craft industry. It is also recognized as a very highly celebrated Malaysian brand icon because of the success that it has gained throughout more than a century of existence. Looking at what Royal Selangor has done, it is needless to say that Royal Selangor has expanded its product range beyond mere pewter objects to a broader variety such as certain glassware and jewelry. Due to the fact that Royal Selangor made such a bold move by venturing into foreign shores, it cannot be denied that the company is bound to face a myriad of possible challenges if it were to carry on with what it is doing. In this case, having a well-planned STP strategy which allows the company to identify its intended market segment thus enabling the company to single out specific groups of buyers would be a very beneficial move. At the same time, it will also help Royal Selangor to set its target market and position its brands in which as we can see, it is already something that they have accomplished because Royal Selangor is a high-end luxury brand name in the minds of many and that the company makes pewter objects of the best quality. Therefore, on a personal level, I’d like share my insights on the STP strategy and marketing mix of Royal Selangor. STP Strategy: Royal Selangor has been able to divide and partition their market segment in a somewhat organized manner. From where I see this, Royal Selangor has catered to a couple of highly notable figures such as the likes of the former U. S President Bill Clinton, Hollywood actor Mel Gibson and lifestyle talk-show host Martha Stewart. Notable figures like celebrities and political icons are supposed to make up a large portion of Royal Selangor’s market segment because they likely come from the higher-income group which is why they would therefore behave in a very lavish way. In addition, the company also creates trophies for major sports events and tournaments like the Petronas Malaysian F1 Grand Prix and the Sime Darby Golf Tournament. This means that Royal Selangor already has a few clear-cut market segments which consist of notable figures, other companies or organizations that need to have pewter objects given as gifts or prizes and probably higher-income people who are likelier to have a stronger purchasing power of buying luxury goods and that is just what Royal Selangor makes; pewter objects that are categorized as luxury goods. Also, I believe that another group of buyers that are a part of Royal Selangor’s market segment would be people who want to decorate their household with pewter objects. From a personal point of view, I have been able to notice that a lot of affluent people tend to display pewter objects and glass wares in their homes for ornamental purposes because they are characterized by their desire to flaunt their status and hence, this leads me to believe that these people are also a part of the market segment of Royal Selangor. Now, as I further on to the target market of Royal Selangor, it seems like as though there are only a couple of target markets that Royal Selangor focuses on and these target markets tend to be very niche ones. The first would be notable figures, as I’ve mentioned earlier in the market segment. These people play a very pivotal role as customers and actual buyers of Royal Selangor and its products and the strategy that Royal Selangor has come up with to satisfy their needs and wants is by creating beautiful tableware, wine accessories, jewelry and various luxury products. As we speak of this, the fact that Royal Selangor is a leading brand when it comes to pewter objects and other accessories is already an advantage for the company because this group of people would feel a need to purchase pewter ware and other luxury items from a well-renowned company like Royal Selangor. Moreover, Royal Selangor also forges rather good entrepreneur ties with sports organizations like Formula 1 by manufacturing their trophies. This is an example that clearly tells us that organizations like Formula 1 are also part of the target market of Royal Selangor. In this circumstance, Royal Selangor fulfills the need of Formula 1 to have a pewter trophy made for a grand prix. Moving on to how Royal Selangor positions itself, it is without doubt that in the Royal Selangor sets itself apart as being the leader of its industry. This is why Royal Selangor is able to attract its buyers because they already know that Royal Selangor is second to none in the metal craft industry. Furthermore, Royal Selangor incorporates very unique designs and excellent craftsmanship in their products. This is the reason Royal Selangor allows itself to be ingrained in the minds of its customers that it is the top pewter objects manufacturer that produces the best pewter objects and other accessories. Secondly, the international reputation of Royal Selangor as a brand that has catered to notable figures is also possibly a reason why the affluent are willing to buy its products. This could have created a mindset psychologically because people are going to believe that Royal Selangor is a brand that has been used by people of celebrity-like status. Marketing Mix and the 4P’s: Product: Considering the fact that Royal Selangor has transformed itself into a highly-revered pewter object manufacturing company synonymous with quality, I feel that it is necessary for the company to have a well-controlled marketing mix in order to monopolize the industry. First and foremost in the marketing mix, Royal Selangor already possesses the trump card of having products that are superior in terms of quality and design. Besides that, the variety of products will also appeal to more market segments since Royal Selangor no longer focuses on just pewter objects. Packaging wise, from what I’ve seen, Royal Selangor packs its gifts in very elaborate boxes and packages like those of wedding-ring boxes so the packaging itself is something that most people may possibly be attracted to. As the common belief exists, ‘’you pay more for the packaging than the goods sometimes’’. This is why the packaging of Royal Selangor is equally important as a part of the product’s characteristic because it is what helps the products to stand out by enhancing its attractiveness. Promotion: Although advertising and other promotional activities have never really been done on an exceptionally large scale by Royal Selangor, one will notice that the company predominantly relies on the use of print media as their primary media platform of advertising despite a few marketing communication events being held probably to gather a bigger crowd. By doing so, they have been able to successfully enforce their tagline ‘’ Pewter has a new attitude’’ with the use of print media. From what I’ve noticed based on a personal observation, there are a lot of Royal Selangor print advertisements like posters and billboards in these 2 places particularly; Central Market and Suria KLCC in Kuala Lumpur. This could possibly be because these 2 areas are frequented by high-income people and not to mention the definite fact that there are a lot of handy-craft and pewter ware for sale in these 2 places. Place: Where Royal Selangor sells its products has never really posed a problem to the sales it generates every now and then. As I take a look at the retail outreach that Royal Selangor has been doing, it is undoubtedly a good idea for the company to make its presence in higher-end shopping destinations because it obviously does a lot of good by strengthening the prominence of the brand Royal Selangor. International expansion is also a very bold move because by venturing into the markets of other countries, it allows the company to attract more customers and set more target markets beyond the confines of the local market segment. This attests to the fact that Royal Selangor has indeed brought the brand beyond the Malaysian target market because in the 1970’s era, the company began selling it products abroad in stores like Harrods’s in UK, Myers in Australia, Mitsukoshi and David Jones. This bold move had initiated the global expansion of Royal Selangor and therefore, the brand could then succeed beyond the regional and local market. Price: The money factor plays an indispensable part of Royal Selangor’s marketing mix because as we all know, what ultimately matters at the end of the day, to most people is how much they have in their wallets. This is why the prices of Royal Selangor are closely linked to the target market the company focuses on. As we all know, Royal Selangor is a company that sets high prices for its products probably because the company dominates the metal craft industry as well. Discounts, as most customers and buyers would expect, are not so easy to come by because if the company were to lower its prices, there will be no standardized price and it will definitely be a loss to the retail outlets. Opportunities and Threats (External Environment): Nobody denies that almost all companies are bound to face its fair share of threats and opportunities, therefore, the same would go for Royal Selangor as a manufacturing company that has existed for more than a century. On the positive side of things, an opportunity that Royal Selangor has would be its long existence as a Malaysian brand icon and one of the earliest Malaysian brands that dates back to the pre-Independence era. So in this case, the company’s strong position as the market dominator definitely gives them the opportunity. Secondly, the broad product range that the company offers that is recognized worldwide is also another opportunity for the company because I feel with this, it is the key for the company to sell its products abroad at a much better pace because it builds the brand recognition at an international level. If there are opportunities that the company might possibly have, it comes in an inevitable package because there should also be some underlying threats that the company is likely to face. As the saying goes, ‘’when there is life, there is death’’. So assuming that the situation is similar, one of the threats that the company may face is an economic recession. In short, when the times get tougher and inflations start happening, people will most likely cut down on luxury products. At the same time, they might have problems adapting to other target markets even though they are a dominant force when it comes to manufacturing pewter objects. For instance, if Royal Selangor were to sell its products in the jewelry market, they could face fierce challenges from jewelry companies like Poh Kong, Habib, Tiffany & Co if these other companies lower their prices. This is when the factor of price intertwines with the purchasing power of the buyers should there be an economic recession because in that case buyers tend to opt for the cheaper brand. In final consideration, Royal Selangor is able to manage its marketing mix very well and it has done a tremendous effort in boosting the economy of the ountry as a manufacturer that exports its produce to foreign lands. Thanks to the right marketing strategy and not to mention, quality control being just as important, these have made what the company is today; a leading brand in the industry of pewter objects manufacturing. Last but not the least, being a leader of an industry that is almost certainly unchallenged is what gives Royal Selangor the edge and it is definitely a bold move for Royal Selangor that brings a whole new challenge when it goes into other industries by crossing beyond the world of pewter manufacturing. So in my opinion, I don’t think it would be surprising if one fine day, Royal Selangor succeeds as a very highly respected global conglomerate brand that is successful in various industries and not just the pewter manufacturing. At the end of the day the fundamental principle is the more territory you control, the more powerful you are. So this is exactly what Royal Selangor ought to do. Expand its product ranges to a broader variety and engage the brand name in the lives of more people that would cut across all walks of life. References: Royal Selangor Pewter (n. d. ) Royal Selangor. [online] [Accessed: 20 November 2012]. Peopalove (2012) BrandTalk: Branded means Wanted. [online] Available at: http://www. peopalove. com/brandtalk/2005/jul/wanted. html [Accessed: 20 November 2012]. The Star Online (2012) Royal Selangor on expansion mode. [online] Available at: http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2010/9/18/business/6935822&sec=business [Accessed: 20 November 2012].